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Developing modern agriculture also needs to learn from the experience of developed countries
[ China Agricultural Machinery Industry News ] In order to meet the requirements of agricultural development in the 21st century and accelerate the process of agricultural modernization, China must increase investment in science and technology, vigorously promote the pace of agricultural technological innovation, actively promote agricultural mechanization, agricultural informationization, and upgrade the level of agricultural machinery and equipment.
Since the Second World War, developed countries have successively achieved agricultural modernization. Replacing manual labor with modern machinery, transforming and developing agriculture with modern science and technology, and managing and managing agriculture with modern economic management have greatly improved the level of specialization, intensification and marketization of agriculture, and fundamental changes have taken place in agriculture and rural areas. . Due to the different natural conditions and economic conditions of different countries, the agricultural development methods also have their own characteristics, which have certain reference significance for the development of Chinese agriculture.
Developing modern agriculture also needs to learn from the experience of developed countries
1Select a modern agricultural development model that suits national conditions or regional conditions
There are three main modes of modern agricultural development abroad, namely, the large-scale, mechanized and high-tech model represented by the United States, the resource-saving and capital-intensive model represented by Japan, Israel and other countries, and represented by France and the Netherlands. The production mode combines mechanical and mechanical composite models.
Due to differences in resource endowments and socio-economic conditions among countries, the roads and characteristics of agricultural modernization are different and cannot be applied. In view of the objective reality that China's modern agricultural region is vast, the agricultural resource endowment varies greatly, the agricultural technology is not fully applied, the rural labor force is large, the quality is low, and the agricultural investment is insufficient, the choice of China's modern agricultural development path can neither take the large-scale land management in the United States. The road does not have the conditions for Japan’s high subsidies, but we can make full use of the achievements of the current world agricultural science and technology revolution to transform traditional agriculture, avoid the detours of the developed countries’ early neglect of sustainable development and environmental problems, and promote advanced technologies and Improve the quality of workers and develop modern agriculture. It is also possible to draw on the experience of countries with low per capita agricultural resources but high agricultural returns in countries such as the Netherlands and Israel to combine the advantages of technology and labor.
Therefore, in places where scale operations can be implemented, land can be concentrated by effectively transferring rural labor, mechanized production can be promoted, and scale operations can be realized. Where economic development is relatively backward and terrain is complex, intensive management can be adopted to expand agriculture. The depth and breadth of development, the implementation of industrial production to develop agriculture. In the less developed regions of western China, such as Guizhou, where the terrain is complex and economic development is backward, it is necessary to give full play to the advantages of labor resources, adopt intensive management, take the labor-intensive and intensive agricultural road, introduce advanced and applicable agricultural technology and accelerate the skills of farmers. Training and work. In short, the development of modern agriculture must conform to the objective trend of China's economic development and the general laws of agricultural development in the world today, and adhere to the road of agricultural modernization with Chinese characteristics.
2 Attach great importance to the role of the government in the development of modern agriculture
Throughout the modern agricultural development of developed countries, the government's support and protection of agriculture is crucial to the realization of agricultural modernization.
The US government promulgates laws and formulates policies to regulate and guide the healthy development of agriculture. The US government's agricultural policy is mainly to reduce the impact of market volatility and natural disasters on agriculture to make up for the lack of market regulation. The government also stabilizes and protects agriculture through fallow plans, crop protection plans, etc.; through the establishment of a sound legal system, it has formed a relatively complete legal system to guide agriculture and rural development, protect the legitimate interests of farmers, maintain market order, and ensure fair trade. Every five years, an “Agriculture Bill†plan is introduced, which is used as the basis for the next five years of agricultural research, education, and promotion, and the corresponding budget. In addition, the US Agricultural Science and Technology Research Bureau is based on the development of American agriculture. Develop a 6-year agricultural science and technology development plan, which is linked with the Agricultural Law; through the national taxation, subsidies, price intervention, credit management, and output quota allocation, the agricultural product market and agricultural internal resource allocation remain effectively regulated.
Japan's scattered small-scale peasant economy can quickly be integrated into the modernization track, mainly relying on the Japanese government's comprehensive intervention and strong macro-control policies. In the process of rapid industrialization and urbanization, Japan has also experienced a shrinking of agriculture due to excessive deprivation. However, after industrialization reached a certain level, it implemented anti-feeding in agriculture in the mid-1960s and early 1970s. The policy is divided into primary and secondary stages. The primary stage is based on hardware feeding. The focus is on improving the level of agricultural fixed assets and equipment and accelerating rural construction. The policy orientation is to lay a solid foundation for expanding reproduction and improving production and living conditions. The combination of hard and software, software-based policy, policy orientation in structural adjustment, expansion of business scale, improvement of rural organization level and farmers' quality, etc., so that agriculture is rapidly becoming stronger.
France's land policy is conducive to land concentration, which has led to the large-scale operation of French farms, which has greatly improved agricultural productivity. The mechanization policy has stimulated the enthusiasm of farmers to use advanced agricultural machinery, making farmland efficiency and land yield rate in a relatively short period of time. Great improvement has been made; the specialization policy has greatly promoted the division of labor of agricultural labor, which not only improves the quality of agricultural products, but also facilitates the promotion of management and mechanization; the propensity of fiscal, financial and foreign trade policies has greatly encouraged farmers. The enthusiasm of engaging in agricultural production has also induced social funds to invest in agriculture; the establishment of sound agricultural science and technology and extension systems has provided technical support for the agricultural modernization of France and also provided the impetus for the development of French agriculture.
In order to make use of limited land, the Dutch government has adopted a series of agricultural development strategies and policies that are in line with national conditions and climate characteristics, avoiding the production of cereal crops that require large amounts of light and low production and sales prices, making full use of flat terrain and pasture. With abundant resources, we will vigorously develop animal husbandry, dairy industry and horticultural crops with high added value. Through credit policies and subsidy policies, we will encourage key development areas and industries to “rapidly grow†and export foreign exchange; actively participate in EU affairs, making the whole Europe has become the agricultural market in the Netherlands; strengthening the construction of water conservancy projects and environmental protection has enabled Dutch agriculture to continue to develop.
To develop China's modern agriculture, the government must provide necessary protection for agriculture. Local governments should also actively cooperate with the central government to promote the healthy development of modern agriculture from the following five aspects:
The first is to improve the institutional arrangements, organizational management and support policy systems of the government to support agriculture. In order to improve the competitiveness of agriculture, in the process of promoting the reform of the administrative management system, it is necessary to learn from the reasonable institutional arrangements established by the developed countries, establish an agricultural management system with reasonable structure, clear division of labor, and operation; strengthen the support system for agricultural technology, and support for science and technology education. System, financial and financial support system, intermediary service support system construction; determine appropriate production and management methods, formulate reasonable price policies, provide convenient financial credit services, information and technical services, and enhance the service awareness of government departments.
The second is to increase government support for agriculture. Since the reform and opening up, China's support and protection policies for agriculture have been continuously strengthened, but the level of agricultural support and protection is still very low, and the support for protection mechanisms is still not perfect. At present, China's annual actual subsidy rate for agriculture is 2% to 3% of fiscal expenditure, which is much lower than the 8% commitment to the World Trade Organization. To this end, it is necessary to further adjust the pattern of national income distribution in accordance with the goal of “forming a new pattern of integration of urban and rural social and economic developmentâ€, establish an investment guarantee mechanism to promote modern agricultural construction, and a stable growth mechanism for supporting agriculture, and continue to implement and increase Farmers' various direct subsidies provide farmers with more, more affordable, and more direct cash transfers and institutionalize them.
The third is to increase investment in agriculture and improve the construction of agricultural infrastructure. In terms of capital investment, according to the different nature of the project, the combination of direct government subsidies and credit input should be adopted to increase investment integration, and efforts should be made to improve the construction of farmland water conservancy projects such as the reinforcement of dangerous reservoirs and large and medium-sized canal systems. Strengthen the management of small and medium-sized rivers; speed up the improvement of cultivated land quality, build high-standard farmland with high yield and stable yield; build agricultural information infrastructure, establish a smooth and sensitive information network system, and enable farmers to make full use of social information resources to solve prenatal conditions. Problems arising in the whole process of production, post-production and post-production, promote agricultural development; vigorously promote the extension of urban basic service facilities to rural areas, and strive to form a network of urban and rural public transportation, water supply and power supply, radio and television, environmental protection and ecological construction.
The fourth is to speed up the process of agricultural legislation and guarantee the development of agriculture. Incorporating agricultural domestic support into the legalization track is a prerequisite for maintaining the continuity and effectiveness of agricultural domestic support policies. In the form of law, the policy objectives, budget quota, operational procedures, departmental division of labor, and legal responsibilities are clearly defined, and publicity is accepted as much as possible. Accepting social supervision is conducive to improving the efficiency of government investment in agriculture and promoting the development of modern agriculture. At the same time, we must proceed from the actual situation of China's small-scale agricultural operation, try to adopt a simple and easy method, make full use of various organizational resources, reduce management costs, and establish an operational agricultural support system.
The fifth is to establish and improve the risk prevention and insurance mechanism for agricultural production. The establishment and improvement of the agricultural risk prevention mechanism will help reduce the loss of farmers' natural disasters. To this end, it is necessary to further establish and improve the disaster relief system. For natural disasters caused by non-human factors, the government should give farmers a certain percentage of subsidies in the past year to maintain the normal life of farmers and re-invest in production in the coming year. At the same time, combined with the particularity of agricultural insurance, we will actively implement a variety of disaster insurance systems, implement policy insurance that is different from general commercial insurance, and greatly reduce farmers' investment risks.