I. Zircon sand dressing technology : the name of the mineral zircon (Zircon) II. Types and distribution of deposits 1. Genetic types of deposits Zircon deposits can be divided into two types: vein mines and sand mines according to their genesis. Zircon deposits with industrial exploitation value are mainly sand deposits. There are alluvial sand deposits, residual sand deposits, and coastal sand mines, of which the coastal sand mines have industrial exploitation value. The formation of these sand deposits determines the type of ore. 2. Industrial Types of Deposits Zircon sand deposits mainly include sand deposits, weathering crust deposits and primary deposits. Among them, sand ore is the main type of deposit. About 90% of the zircon in the world comes from sand mines. Sand mines are divided into coastal sand mines and alluvial sand mines. The scale and output of coastal sand mines are much larger than those of alluvial sand mines. 3. Distribution of minerals The world's major zircon resources are produced in Australia and South Africa. The zircon sand deposit on the east coast of Australia is a medium-Cenozoic sedimentary sand deposit formed by the weathering of the Archean bedrock. Mineral deposits mainly quartz sand, feldspar and mica almost free; heavy mineral zircon, rutile, titanium-based iron ore, heavy minerals in the ore partially up to 70%. The zircon content in heavy minerals is about 30%, and the rutile content is higher than that of zircon. The distribution area of ​​ore-bearing quartz sand is more than 200 Km2. The thickest part is about 200m. Coastal sand mine is one of the main deposit types in China for the production of zircon and other useful minerals such as ilmenite, monazite and rutile. The Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula, Fujian, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces are all distributed along the coast. Large and medium-sized mines such as Hainan Wanning and Guangdong Haifeng have been developed and utilized. Third, the main industrial indicators of the deposit. Zircon deposits vary according to their type, and the industrial requirements are also different. See Table 1. Table 1 Industrial requirements for zircon deposits. Types of cut-off grades Industrial grade ZrO2 % Zircon kg/m3 ZrO2 % Zircon kg/m3 Coastal sand Mineral deposits of ore weathering crust deposits 0.04～0.06 0.3 3.0 1～1.5 0.16～0.24 0.8 8.0 4～6 Minimum mining thickness: 0.5m for coastal sand mine. Weathering crust deposits and endogenous deposits are 0.8-1.5 m. A zircon coastal sand deposit in Guangdong, China, is a comprehensive coastal sand deposit. Rare earth metals such as zirconium, titanium and monazite are associated. The deposit is located in the southwestern part of the Fujian-Zhejiang-activated shield of the South China block. The outer part of the mining area is mainly Yanshanian coarse-grained biotite granite , followed by medium-grain or fine-grained biotite granite. The mining area is located on a coastal sand dam. Sand dams parallel to the coastline are distributed on the sand dam. Its height difference does not exceed 20m. There are topsoil, fine sand layer, medium and coarse sand layer, clay layer and peat layer in the Quaternary strata in the mining area. The ore body is 5,500 m long and 475 to 1400 m wide, and the average thickness of the ore body is 3.4 m. The industrial requirements for this deposit are shown in Table 2. Table 2 A certain zirconium and titanium coastal sand ore industry in Guangdong requires ore type boundary grade kg/m3 industrial grade kg/m3 zircon sand ilmenite (rich ore) sand ilmenite (lean ore) sand monazite sand mine 1 20 10 0.25 2 30～40 15 0.50 4. Ore properties 1. Mineral composition of ore The zircon ore type is shown in Table 3. The main zirconium-containing minerals are shown in Table 4. Table 3 Zircon ore type Ore type Ore characteristics Alluvial sand ore The ore particles are irregular, the particle size is uneven, contains a large amount of gravel and pebbles, and a large amount of residual mud minerals are incompletely dissociated, and there are still different degrees of continuous organisms. Exist, with a certain amount of slime, the grade of the lower seashore sand ore is uniform. It is round and round, and most of the useful minerals have been dissociated. Most heavy mineral ilmenite, zircon, monazite, rutile, cassiterite, xenotime. Sometimes there are traces of precious metals. The gangue minerals are mainly quartz and feldspar, followed by tourmaline , epidote, hornblende, pyroxene and garnet. Its particle size composition ranges from 60 mesh to 200 mesh. Table 4 Main zirconium minerals Component weight (%) ZrO2 HfO2 oblique zircon 1 sodium zircon oblique sodium zircon heterosexual stone - negative heterogeneous stone 2 铌 铈 titanium wrong zirconia needle Naphtha ZrO2 (Na2Ca)ZrSi3O9·2H2O Na2(Zr·Ti)Si6O153H2O (Ca,Na)5Zr2Si6(O,OH,Cl)20 (Ca,Fe,y,Zr,)(Nb,Ta,Ti)O4 ( Ca,Na)3(Zr,Ti)Si2O8F 59～98.9 30.5～31.52 19.80～20.28 2.0～30 28.71～29.11 19.80 0.5～2.1 0.1～0.6 0.2～0.4 0.06～0.7 0.9 0.3 (Continued Table 4) Mineral composition weight ( %) ZrO2 HfO2-Nb-Zr sodalite zircon ③ titanium zirconium thorium NaCa2 (Zr, Nb) Si2O8 ( O, OH, F) ZrSiO4 (Ca, Fe) (Zr, Ti) 2O5 (?) 15.61 ~ 17.55 34 ~ 67 51.7 ～59.89 0.05～0.7 0.4～1.7 1～1.2 1 Caldite can be regarded as barren zircon (baddeleyite); 2 some local heterogeneous stones contain ZrO212～20% and HfO20.1～0.7%; 3 The ferrosilicon zirconium ore, the rhombohedral, the wave slab, the zircon, the waterstone, the Dashan and the mountain pass can be regarded as variants of zircon. Zirconium and hafnium minerals are used industrially as valuable minerals and ores due to their chemical and physical properties. Table 4 lists the main minerals, mineral components and their contents of zirconium dioxide and cerium oxide containing zirconium-cerium. Zirconium and hafnium are almost exclusively provided by zircon and oblique zircon. Heterogeneous stones may eventually be an important source of these elements. Zircon usually contains about 49% zirconium and 0.4 to 1.5% niobium, which is the main industrial mineral in this category. Oblique zircon is an industrially important but small number of minerals. It contains up to 73% zirconium and contains 0.4 to 1.7% of yttrium. The amount of these elements in the heterosexual stone varies greatly, and analysis data from various regions indicate that it contains 6 to 11% zirconium and 0.7 to 0.4% bismuth. Zircon is a mineral composed of zirconium, silicon and oxygen crystallized from magma, mainly formed by igneous rocks. Zircon is also produced in the veins and metamorphic rocks. It is a tetragonal system, often in the form of a well-developed cone-shaped small square cylinder, which is also irregularly granular. The Mohs hardness is 7.5, and the specific gravity is usually 4.68 to 4.70. However, the change in specific gravity is sometimes incomplete with the composition and the altered state. The zircon cleavage is incomplete, the brittleness is brittle, and the fracture is shell-like. The zircon composition is ZrSiO4, containing ZrO267.2% and SiO232.8%, but in addition to about 1% bismuth, there are usually a small amount of strontium, uranium , rare earth elements, strontium, calcium, magnesium and iron in the mineral. Lead , aluminum , phosphorus, hydrogen and other trace elements of uranium and thorium radiate decay, other fission products also appear in minerals. The radiation loss of a zircon structure containing a significant amount of uranium and thorium can transform the internal structure of the crystal into an amorphous state. Zircon color changes from colorless to various colors, including light yellow, brownish yellow, orange yellow, light reddish brown, and brown. Some zircons form crystals with gemstone properties. Oblique zircon is a natural monoclinic system of zirconium dioxide. Analysis of very pure oblique zircon shows that it contains ZrO2 (96.5 to 98.9%) and a small amount of iron, silicon, calcium and other impurities, which are plate-like and fibrous, with large color changes, from colorless to yellow and brown. And black; Mohs hardness is 6.5, is a heavy mineral with a specific gravity of 5.5 ~ 6.0. Heteromorphic stone is a complex silicate with irregular crystal structure and constant composition. In addition to about 10% ZrO2, there are usually varying amounts of calcium, sodium, silicon, hydrogen, chlorine, rare earth elements, titanium, titanium and manganese . Heteromorphic stones are reddish to red or brown plate or rhombohedral crystals and blocky. The hardness is 5 to 5.5, and the specific gravity is 2.9 to 3.0. Zircon sand ore is often associated with: oblique zircon, rutile, ilmenite, anatase, pyrochlore, monazite, xenotime, cassiterite, coltan, etc., should pay attention to comprehensive evaluation. Among the above-mentioned associated minerals, monazite and pyrochlore are particularly important. Monazite known as "lanthanum cerium phosphate mineral", is a rare earth minerals. Chemical composition (Ce, La) [PO4], often containing cerium, zirconium and the like. Among them, Ce2O3 is 25 to 30%, La2O is 320 to 30%, and ThO is 25 to 12%. Monoclinic, crystals are often plate-like. Yellow or brown, resin luster. Hardness 5 to 5.5. The density is 5.1 g/cm3. It is often radioactive and is the main mineral raw material for extracting strontium, barium and strontium. Pyrochlore, also known as chlorite, has a chemical composition of CaNaNb2O6F, containing Nb2O556%, which is the main mineral for the extraction of strontium. Isometric crystal system. The crystal is octahedral, usually irregular or dense. Brown or yellowish green. Resin gloss. The hardness is 5 to 5.5. The density is 4.12 ~ 4.36g / cm3, with radioactivity. 2. Mineral characteristics of target minerals There are more than 50 kinds of zirconium minerals discovered at present, among which more than 20 kinds are common. The main industrial zirconium minerals are zircon, containing (rich) yttrium zircon and heterosexual stone. Zircon is zirconium orthosilicate and its molecular formula is ZrSiO4, which is the most common type of zirconium-containing minerals. Pure zircon in nature is rare, mostly containing chromium , or containing iron, aluminum, calcium and other impurities. The physical properties are shown in Table 5. The main industrial minerals of zirconium are shown in Table 6. The physical properties of zirconium are shown in Table 7. Table 5 Physical and chemical properties of zircon Physical properties Chemical properties Density: 4 ~ 4.9g / cm3 Mohs hardness: 7 ~ 8 Structural structure: is a tetragonal system, often short columnar color: metallic luster or glass luster, generally Brown or light gray or red, yellow, blue and colorless transparent, opaque electromagnetic: non-magnetic or weak magnetic, weak conductivity, non-conductive mineral chemical composition, %: ZrO267.01, SiO232.99; impurity is Fe2O3 , TiO2, CaO, HfO2, ThO2 Chemical characteristics: insoluble in acid, such as insoluble in hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrofluoric acid, phosphoric acid insoluble in alkali, such as caustic potash, caustic soda, table 6 zirconium, the main industrial mineral name chemical formula content , % Remarks ZrO2 HfO2 Zircon (Zircon) Zr[SiO4] 55.3～67.3 <2 Containing (rich) yttrium zircon (Zr, Hf) [SiO4] 48.18～60.03 2～16.7 Containing HfO2>4%, Zirconium-rich heterogeneous stone (Na,Ca)6ZrSi6O17(OH,Cl)2 11.82～12.82 Table 7 Physical properties of zirconium Element zirconium atomic number atomic weight specific gravity melting point boiling point heat (kcal/g/°C) hardness (Vickers hardness) Number) Elastic Modulus Neutron Capture Cross Section (target) 40 91.22 6.53±0.1 1852±2°C 5400°C 0.067( 2 0°) 105 11.4 0.18 Annotation: The target is the effective section of the nucleus = 10-24 cm2. V. Process characteristics and main uses Zircon is extremely resistant to high temperatures and its melting point is 2750 °C. And resistant to acid corrosion. 80% of the world's zircon is used directly in the foundry industry, ceramics, glass industry and in the manufacture of refractory materials. A small amount of zircon is used in ferroalloys, pharmaceuticals, paints, tanning, abrasives, chemicals and the nuclear industry. A very small amount of zircon is used to smelt the metal zirconium. Zircon sand containing 260 to 66% of ZrO is directly used as a casting material for iron metal in foundry because of its refractory resistance (melting point of 2500 ° C or higher). Zircon sand has low thermal expansion, high thermal conductivity, and strong chemical stability compared to other common refractory materials, so high-quality zircon and other various adhesives have good adhesion. Used in the foundry industry. Zircon sand is also used as a brick for glass kiln. Zircon sand and zircon powder are mixed with other refractory materials for other purposes. Zircon and dolomite react together at high temperatures to form zirconium dioxide or zirconium oxide (ZrO2). Zirconium oxide is also a high quality refractory material, although its crystal form varies with temperature. Stable zirconium oxide also contains small amounts of oxides of magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium. The stable zirconium oxide melting point is close to 2700 ° C. It is resistant to thermal shock and is less reactive than zircon in some metallurgical applications. Stable zirconium oxide has low thermal conductivity, and in industrial zirconium oxide, cerium oxide is harmless for use as a refractory. The oblique zircon consists mainly of zirconium dioxide containing a small amount of mineral impurities, which is similar in some properties to zirconium oxide. Zirconium compounds having various uses are prepared from zirconium dioxide. These compounds are used in a variety of applications such as iron alloys, enamels, plastics, paints, pharmaceuticals, abrasives, water repellents, tanning and wax products. Zirconium and hafnium in the form of metals, mainly used in the chemical industry and nuclear reactor industry, as well as in other industries requiring corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, special fusion properties or absorption of special neutrons. 8% is used in these industries, and the only significant application of base metals is in nuclear reactors for warships. Zirconium and hafnium metals are obtained by multi-stage refining. Initially zircon is reacted with coke in an electric furnace to produce zirconium hydride, which is then chlorinated to form zirconium tetrachloride. Magnesium Reduction The kroll process involves the reduction of tetrachloride, which places the magnesium metal in an inert gas to obtain a sponge-like zirconium metal. Can iodide solution heat from a high purity zirconium metals refinery, in this process, and rely on metal iodide vapor occurs at a temperature of 200 ℃ and sent connector volatile iodine, zirconium become volatile The form of iodine is thus separated from most impurities. At about 1300 ° C, the iodide is separated on the heated filament. High purity zirconium is attached to the filament. The released iodine is transferred from the filament, and this product is called a zirconium rod. Zircon is listed in Table 8 according to its application. Table 8 Main uses of zircon Application areas Main applications Glass, ceramic industry Zircon can be used as an additive and sunscreen in the glass ceramic industry. The addition of 20% ZrO2 increases the alkali resistance and fiber strength of the glass fibers. Zirconium-containing glass has a high refractive index and can be used in place of lead glass. Zirconium-doped ceramics also have a radioactive function. The addition of 1-3% zircon to the titanium glaze improves the alkali resistance without reducing its acid resistance. Zirconium-containing ceramics have high temperature resistance, high pressure and special strength. The refractory material based on ZrO2 has high strength, good stability, acid resistance, good corrosion resistance against molten steel, and oxidation and reduction atmosphere. It is stable in medium and low in thermal conductivity. It can be used as a high-temperature furnace lining material and a high-temperature vacuum smelting bismuth material for precious metals and alloys. It is also possible to lay the bottom of an alloy melting furnace such as aluminum, lead or bismuth . Zirconium cristobalite composed of fine-grained zircon and fine-grained cristobalite can be widely used as the refractory material of the top of the electric furnace. Natural zircon sand has uniform particle size, good heat absorption, uniform heat dissipation, and no polymorphism during heating (α-β Conversion), so it can be used as molding sand for foundry industry. After the zircon sand is finely ground and applied to the inside of the mold, the yield of the casting can be improved. The atomic energy industrial zirconium alloy is a widely used material in the atomic energy industry, and is mainly used in nuclear reactors of nuclear power plants such as nuclear power ships and submarines. It has excellent corrosion resistance and is used in chemical equipment, such as valves made of zirconium-containing materials, exhaust parts, and rolled sheets in reaction reactors and distillation tanks. Zirconium-containing materials are used in other industrial zirconium-containing coatings. It has insulating properties and can be used as insulating glass coating. It can also be used as anti-caking coating, refractory insulating coating and thermal insulation coating. Zircon can be made into a zirconium-aluminum abrasive in combination with an aluminum-containing mineral. Zirconium-containing pigment can be used to make high-quality white leather. The fabric impregnated with the zirconium compound has water repellency, heat resistance and corrosion resistance. Zirconia ceramic fiber can be used to produce synthetic paper with heat resistance, chemical inertness, thermal insulation and sound insulation properties. Sixth, product quality standards China's zircon concentrate products are divided into six grades, calculated according to dry grade, should meet the Ministry of the YB834-87 standard, China's various zircon manufacturers are implemented according to this standard. See Table 9: Table 9 Technical requirements for zircon concentrate (YB834-87) Grade chemical composition, % dioxide (zirconium + hafnium) not less than impurity not greater than TiO2 Fe2O3 P2O5 Al2O3 SiO2 premium grade 65.50 0.30 0.10 0.20 0.80 34.00 Product 65.00 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.80 34.00 Second grade 65.00 1.00 0.30 0.35 0.80 34.00 Three grade 63.00 2.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 33.00 Four grade 63.00 3.50 0.80 0.80 1.20 32.00 Five grade 55.00 8.00 1.50 1.50 1.50 31.00 Note: 1. If you want There are special requirements for the product, which are agreed upon by the supplier and the buyer. 2. The content of radioactive materials in zircon concentrate shall be implemented in accordance with relevant state regulations. Seven, comprehensive utilization of technology 1. Hainan Wanning County, Wan Ning Wu Wu field field ilmenite ilmenite featured plant is located in Hainan Province, is the larger of the election ilmenite and associated useful minerals beneficiation plant. The existing production capacity is 25,000 tons of titanium concentrate. At the same time, it also produces and recovers beneficial minerals such as zircon, monazite and cassiterite. (1) Properties of ore. The ore is a coastal sand mine. The useful minerals in the ore are mainly ilmenite and zircon. The ilmenite has a flat cylindrical shape and a round granule shape. The color is black, with metal, semi-metallic luster or grease luster. It is a magnetic mineral and is recovered by magnetic separator. Its grade is about 56%. In addition to the main minerals, there are monazite, rutile, magnetite, cassiterite and trace gold. Zircon accounts for about 4% of the ore. The right-hand mineral is mainly composed of quartz and contains a small amount of feldspar and mica. The ore has a uniform particle size, a small amount of mud, and good dissociation of useful mineral monomers. Therefore, the selectivity is good. The multi-element analysis of raw ore is shown in Table 10: Table 10 Multi-element analysis of ore. Element name SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 CaO MgO V P2O5 Content, % 81.00 1.14 2.20 1.13 1.07 0.0032 0.199 Element name Mn TR2O3 TiO2 ZrO2 Ta2O5 Nb2O5 content,% 0.039 0.036 1.04 0.088 0.0016 0.0033 (2) Beneficiation method and process The zircon is recovered from the tailings of ilmenite by magnetic separation and electrification. (3) Technical and economic indicators Technical and economic indicators are shown in Table 11. Table 11 Ukrainian ilmenite selected index Product name Yield, % grade, % recovery, % Remarks Titanium concentrate 52.41 TiO250.29 79.18 Contains P0.0216% Rutile concentrate 0.121 TiO291.20 0.33 P<0.05% First-class zirconium concentrate 4.45 ZrO264.24 38.81 TiO20.65% secondary zirconium concentrate 0.99 ZrO263.08 8.48 TiO21.50% TiO2 concentrate concentrate 1.95 ZrO250.68 13.00 TiO212.01% chlorite concentrate 0.35 TR2O361.11 27.07 cassiterite concentrate Sn3.25 2. Guangdong Lufeng Jiazi zirconium ore (1) ore minerality Zirconium ore is a coastal sand mine. The main minerals are zircon, ilmenite, rutile, monazite and so on. The gangue is mainly fine-grained quartz sand with a particle size of 0.5-0.1 mm, content of more than 95% of the total mineral content, and a small amount of feldspar, epidote, tourmaline, garnet and the like. Most of the minerals in the ore are present as monomers, and are more concentrated in the fraction of 0.125 to 0.063 mm. The various mineral contents in the ore are listed in Table 12. Chemical multi-element analysis is shown in Table 13. Table 12 Minerals in various minerals Mineral name Ilmenite ilmenite anatase rutile zircon content,% 7.7949 0.3032 0.0089 0.0621 0.5930 Mineral name monazite magnetite hematite limonite tourmaline content,% 0.0604 0.0759 0.0121 0.1219 0.03111 mineral name Topaz epidote other quartz content,% 0.0778 0.0118 98.8386 0.0212 table 13 ore more chemical analysis of the chemical composition of TiO2 ZrO2 SiO2 P Fe2O3 Al2O3 CaO content,% 1.20 0.50 2.95 91.60 0.017 2.22 0.26 The chemical composition MgO Nb2O5 + Ta2O5 ThO2 Sn S Total content, % 0.02 0.0067 0.001 0.0038 0.0038 98.3365 (2) Beneficiation method and process flow The ore is fed into the beneficiation process by sand pump, and comprehensively recovers monazite, ilmenite, zircon, rutile, etc. The stone uses magnetic separation and electrification. The process is divided into a rough selection process and a selection process. (3) Technical and economic indicators Technical and economic indicators are shown in Table 14. Table 14 Zirconium ore dressing technical indicators Annual treatment capacity t/h Raw ore grade, % concentrate grade, % concentrate recovery, % ZrO2 TiO2 ZrO2 TiO2 ZrO2 TiO2 1982 1983 84.50 80.95 0.356 0.1467 0.928 0.5057 9.92 8.00 21.52 20.68 57.68 60.00 48.05 45.00 3. Hainan Tianli Mining and Metallurgical Plant The plant is located in Wanning County, Hainan Province. It is a non-magnetic product selected after the ilmenite mine in the coastal sand mine. (1) The ore minerals are selected from a variety of raw material minerals, mainly ilmenite and ilmenite rutile, and a small amount of rutile, ilmenite and anatase, zircon. Other heavy minerals are mainly quartz and feldspar, as well as a small amount of biotite and muscovite. The relative contents of the main minerals are listed in Table 15, the chemical composition analysis of the ore is shown in Table 16, and the ore size analysis is shown in Table 17. Table 15 Relative mineral content of ore minerals Name name Ilmenite ferrotitanite rutile anatase ilmenite rutile zircon magnetite other heavy mineral gangue mineral total content,% 20.63 10.55 2.20 4.03 0.70 2.00 59.89 100.00 Table 16 ore The main chemical composition analysis chemical composition TiO2 ZrO2 Fe2O3 SiO2 Al2O3 CaO MgO P2O5 Cr content,% 20.36 2.64 13.59 53.24 2.60 0.34 0.39 0.17 0.037 Table 17 ore size composition size mm mm yield % grade, % distribution rate. % TiO2 ZrO2 TiO2 ZrO2 +0.6 1.15 1.13 0.06 0.06 0.03 -0.6+0.4 1.35 2.07 0.06 0.13 0.03 -0.4+0.25 0.85 2.08 0.08 0.08 0.03 -0.25+0.20 6.00 5.41 0.08 1.52 0.18 -0.20+0.154 41.50 16.70 0.64 32.44 10.65 -0.154 +0.10 36.80 29.75 4.33 51.25 60.31 -0.10+0.074 3.75 28.02 8.70 4.92 12.35 -0.074+0.054 4.50 24.85 7.69 5.23 13.10 -0.054+0.045 2.30 27.06 3.25 2.91 2.83 -0.045 1.80 17.26 1.60 1.46 1.09 Total 100.00 21.36 2.64 100.00 100.00 From the table It can be seen that the main minerals in the ore are titanium and zirconium, which are mainly distributed in the range of 0.20+0.045mm. The ZrO2 content accounts for 98.64% of the total, of which 60.31% is in -0.154+0.10. This particle size distribution is favorable for zircon. Flotation. (2) Beneficiation method and process flow The process flow and the pharmaceutical system break through the traditional old process, and a single flotation method is used to study and use a BS-1 and DS agent that rapidly separates zircon from other minerals. The agent is a novel agent synthesized from a variety of raw materials. Using this agent, a very high index can be achieved with a simple one-shot process. At the same time, it also overcomes the pollution of zircon concentrate products by traditional methods using oil-based chemicals. Figure-4 Process of ore dressing when the grade of the ore is low. Table 18 Flotation of the drug system Name of the ore sample Name of the drug name, g/L sample (1) (grade 59.98%) Crude sulfuric acid BS-1 DS-1 water Glass 4000 1250 140 260 Sweep BS-1 DS-1 Water glass 198 95 140 Mineral sample (2) (grade 32.64%) Crude sulfuric acid BS-1 DS-1 Water glass 8600 1300 240 310 Sweep selection BS-1 DS-1 water glass sulfuric acid 198 96 60 3000 (3) Technical and economic indicators Industrial test technical economic indicators are shown in Table 19. Table 19 Industrial test technical economic indicator name Test time Feed grade % Concentrate yield % Concentrate grade % Tailing grade grade % Zirconium recovery rate ZrO2% Mineral sample I 1989.8 59.98 84.41 65.17 30.78 91.74 Mineral sample II 1989.8 32.64 36.09 65.18 14.44 72.02 VIII. Development and utilization status and development trend 1. Development and utilization status, problems and solutions Zircon is produced in coastal sand mines. Its associated minerals are ilmenite, rutile, monazite and vermiculite. Based on quartz. The ore dressing method requires a combination of heavy, magnetic, floating, and electric methods. If there is no special agent with high selectivity, it is difficult to obtain an industrially demanded concentrate product by a single flotation method. The main beneficiation methods of zircon are shown in Table 20. Table 20 Main ore dressing methods of zircons Main characteristics of the ore dressing method The zircon is mainly added to ilmenite, and is often accompanied by heavy minerals such as hematite, chromite and garnet, so zircon is enriched. In the initial stage, the re-election method is often used. For example, the heavy mineral is first separated from the gangue (quartz, feldspar, biotite) by a shaker, and then other mineral separation means and other heavy mineral separation flotation methods are commonly used for flotation. The collector is a fatty acid such as oleic acid or sodium oleate; the pulp regulator is mainly soda, pH=7-8; the inhibitor is sodium silicate; the activator is sodium sulfide and heavy metal salts such as zirconium chloride, Ferric chloride also uses oxalic acid to adjust the pulp to acidity. The amine or amine derivative is used as a collector. The electrical selection method is based on the difference in mineral conductivity. The ilmenite, hematite, chromite, cassiterite Conductive minerals such as rutile are separated from non-conductive minerals such as zircon, monazite, garnet, and apatite. Before electrification, pre-de-sludge classification, drying heating and dosing treatment magnetic separation method. The minerals in heavy minerals include ilmenite, hematite, chromite, garnet, biotite, monazite, etc.; zircon It is a non-magnetic mineral or a weak magnetic mineral (some of the deposits contain iron in the zircon, which is weakly magnetic). The magnetic separation method is divided into dry type and wet type. Dry magnetic separation requires heating and drying of the selected materials, pretreatment such as classification, and then sorting. The wet magnetic field magnetic separator has a wide separation particle size and a lower particle size limit of 20 μm. Therefore, when the zircon grain size is fine, the wet magnetic separator is suitable for the heavy minerals produced by most of the zircon in China. Among them, the raw materials selected from zircon are mainly from the tailings of ilmenite. Therefore, the process is related to the selected beneficial minerals in addition to the ilmenite. The principle process is shown in Table 21. 21 Zircon Separation Principles Process Types Associated with Useful Minerals Principles Processes Rutile, Zircon Electrification - Magnetic Separation - Flotation Monazite, Zircon Magnetic Separation - Shaker - Magnetic Separation, Monazite, Rutile, Zircon magnetic separation - shaker - magnetic separation - shaker - electrification - magnetic separation 2. Development trend The market supply of zircon is closely related to the production of titanium and other minerals, and the market fluctuation of other mineral production will be zircon Stone production has a direct impact. Therefore, it is necessary to continue research to find a substitute for zirconium. At present, the method of sorting zircon in seashore sand near sea level and below sea level is to peel off the cover layer with a bulldozer during mining, and the ore is sucked by a dredger and sent to a wet roughing plant. The roughing plant can be placed on a floating dredger. In the wet selection, the concentrate is recovered by a spiral concentrator, a conical concentrator and a washing tank, and the light minerals are removed. Most of the coarse concentrate is transported to the selected plant, which is then re-selected to remove residual light minerals, which are dried and dewatered in a drying kiln. Various heavy concentrates have been separated by electrostatic separation and magnetic separation, respectively. This inexpensive method of obtaining coarse concentrates allows the mining of deposits with an average content of less than 3% of heavy minerals, and in some cases it is possible to mine deposits with an average content of less than 1%. Automatic Concrete Mixer,Small Concrete Mixer Electric,Self-Loading Concrete Mixer,Towable Concrete Mixer Shandong Zeyu Heavy Industry Science and Technology Co.,Ltd. , https://www.sdjsseriesconcretemixer.com